Ukraine’s Debt: An Instrument of Pressure and Spoliation in the Hands of Western Creditors

How has Ukraine’s debt changed since the Russian invasion in February 2022? Ukraine’s internal and external public debt has increased by 60% between early 2022 and end of November 2024. It amounted to just under USD 100 billion before the invasion and reached almost USD 160 billion by the end of 2024, including USD 45 [...]